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Data File
The data file lists the transmitters, receivers and frequencies, and has
a table of data parameters, values and standard errors. The current
data file format is named EMData_2.2. This format is specific to the
MARE2DEM inversion code. The Data file can include arbitrary comment
lines (using ! or %) or blank lines. Comments can also be placed
at the end of a given line using ! or % symbols before the
comment text. All positions are in units of meters and angles are in
degrees. Here’s an example (note that ... indicates where some
lines have been omitted for brevity):
Format: EMData_2.2
! some comment text
UTM of x,y origin (UTM zone, N, E, 2D strike): 11 N 3636717.0 476297.0 20.0
Phase Convention: lag
Reciprocity Used: no
# CSEM Frequencies: 3
0.1
0.3
0.5
# Transmitters: 15
! X Y Z Azimuth Dip Length Type Name
0.00 0.00 2189.90 90.00 -1.20 0.00 edipole TX01
0.00 500.00 2181.00 90.00 1.00 0.00 edipole TX02
0.00 1000.00 2172.10 90.00 -0.80 0.00 edipole TX03
0.00 1500.00 2163.70 90.00 -0.70 0.00 edipole TX04
...
# CSEM Receivers: 100
! X Y Z Theta Alpha Beta Length Name
0.00 0.00 2140.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 RX01
0.00 100.00 2138.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 RX02
0.00 200.00 2137.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 RX03
0.00 300.00 2135.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 RX04
...
# MT Frequencies: 21
0.0001
0.000158
0.000251
...
# MT Receivers: 15
! X Y Z Theta Alpha Beta Length SolveStatic Name
0.00 0.00 2140.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 RX01
0.00 100.00 2138.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 RX02
0.00 200.00 2137.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 RX03
0.00 300.00 2135.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 RX04
...
# Data: 5596
! Type Freq# Tx# Rx# Data Std_Error
3 1 1 1 6.42506e-13 7.5608e-14
4 1 1 1 1.20096e-12 7.5608e-14
3 2 1 1 4.86059e-14 5.08595e-14
4 2 1 1 8.69775e-13 5.08595e-14
3 3 1 1 -4.24273e-13 3.82199e-14
...
103 1 1 1 29.4792 1.67651
104 1 1 1 26.1554 3.43775
105 1 1 1 32.9502 2.12072
106 1 1 1 24.4939 3.43775
...
The file consists of token : value blocks where the token is a keyword or keywords. These are followed by a single value or multiple lines of values. Many of the tokens can appear in any order and the individual CSEM and MT sections only need to be specified when CSEM or MT data (or both) are being modeled, respectively. Details of each section are given below.
UTM of x,y origin
This block is not used by the MARE2DEM code, but is included so that plotting routines can convert the local 2D coordinate system used for the data and 2D model into geographical UTM or lat/lon coordinates. See the UTM Reference figure.
You can set these values to 0 if you don’t need this. In this example:
UTM of x,y origin (UTM zone, N, E, 2D strike): 11 N 3636717.0 476297.0 20.0
the UTM origin is set to Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the 2D strike is at 20 degrees (clockwise from North). This means that the local 2D modeling coordinates corresponds to geographic coordinates where x is aligned along 20 degrees and y points along 110 degrees (so the 2D model conductivity strike is at 20 degrees, the 2D model profile runs along the angle 110 degrees from geographic North). Similarly, a receiver with a given theta angle of 0 degrees in the 2D coordinate system then corresponds to an angle of 20 degrees from geographic North.
Phase Convention
The default convention for MARE2DEM is phase lag (i.e., phases become increasingly positive with source-receiver offset), but you can instead specify that the data use a phase lead convention (i.e., phases become increasingly negative with source-receiver offset):
Phase Convention: lag ! Optional, use lag (default) or lead
Note that the phase convention is ignored by MT data, and TM mode MT data are expected to have phases wrapped to the first quadrant. If in doubt, run a forward model of a half space to see what MARE2DEM outputs for a given data type.
Reciprocity Used
This setting is only used by the MARE2DEM code to handle a source scaling factor when EM reciprocity has been applied to convert electric sources and magnetic receivers into magnetic sources and electric receivers. In all other instances (electric-electric or magnetic-magnetic reciprocity), MARE2DEM ignores this setting. It is also included in the data file so that plotting routines have the option to interchange receivers and transmitters when reciprocity has been applied to ease computational requirements (when there are significantly more transmitters than receivers).
Transmitters
This block lists the number of transmitters and each transmitters’s x,y,z (meters) location, horizontal rotation angle (degrees clockwise from x), dip angle (degrees positive down), dipole length, transmitter type and optionally the transmitter name (used for plotting purposes only).
Transmitter Type
Possible values:
edipole- electric dipole (point or finite length)bdipole- point magnetic dipoles
Dipole length
The length setting only applies to electric dipoles. Generally, the dipole length should be set to 0 so that MARE2DEM uses a point dipole approximation (which is computationally efficient). This is recommended for both the transmitter and receiver dipoles. However, in some CSEM applications the finite length of the transmitter (or receiver) dipole is too long to be well approximated by a point dipole and a finite length wire needs to be modeled (e.g., when the transmitter and receiver are close to within a few dipole lengths). Non-zero dipole lengths should be used with care as that increases the computational burden on MARE2DEM and more importantly it can be easily misconfigured with respect to topography or other surfaces.
For non-zero electric dipole lengths, MARE2DEM uses a low order Gauss-Legendre quadrature rule to integrate the source current along the dipole wire from -length/2 to +length/2 about the center point specified by the x,y,z location and along the vector defined by the azimuth and dip. A similar line integral is applied to the electric field along any non-zero length receiver dipoles. See the MARE2DEM Settings File documentation for how to adjust the quadrature order.
For CSEM modeling, MARE2DEM assumes a unit current for all sources and normalizes all responses by the transmitter dipole length (if non-zero, otherwise a unit dipole moment is used), so for inversions, the input data should be normalized by the transmitter dipole moment (i.e., divided by Am or Am\(^2\) for electric and magnetic dipoles, respectively). CSEM electric field responses are also normalized by any non-zero receiver dipole lengths.
Warning
Non-zero dipole lengths can require significantly more computational effort by MARE2DEM and thus should only be used when necessary, for example when the receivers are located within a few dipole lengths of the transmitter or when better than ~1% accuracy is needed at far offsets.
Further, when using non-zero length dipoles, it is up to the user to ensure this is sensible with respect to the model structure, as MARE2DEM does not check if finite length dipoles extend across boundaries in the model structure or do other potentially problematic things with respect to the model struture. For marine CSEM this is usually okay since the transmitter is in the water column, but for seafloor or land surface transmitters it is super easy to mistakenly put a finite length transmitter on the surface and not realize that one end of it extends into the air where there is topography.
Stick to point dipoles (0 length) unless you know what you are doing. You have been warned.
CSEM Frequencies
This block lists the number of CSEM frequencies and the specific values (Hz). If there are no CSEM data, all the CSEM blocks can be omitted from the data file.
CSEM Receivers
This block lists the number of CSEM receivers each receiver’s x,y,z (meters) position, rotation angles, electric dipole length, and optionally the receiver name (used for plotting purposes only).
Position
Recommendation
MARE2DEM works best when the x coordinates of the transmitters and receivers are within a few 100 meters of the origin. Receivers far from the transmitter in the x direction can be problematic or may require significantly denser wavenumber sampling than the MARE2DEM default value. See Numerical Issues for Along-Strike Source-Receiver Offset for more details.
Rotation Angles
Theta corresponds to the angle from the 2D modeling coordinate x to the receiver’s x channel. Alpha and Beta are dip angles. Alpha is the tilt angle of the x channel, positive down from horizontal. Beta is the angle of the receiver’s y channel from horizontal. See Receiver Geometry for more details.
For normal inline marine CSEM data with transmitters and seafloor EM receivers nominally along the y axis, usually only the Beta angle is needed and it can be set to the slope of the modeled seafloor (so that the receiver’s \(E_y\) electric field is parallel to the seafloor).
Dipole length
See Dipole length.
MT Frequencies
This block lists the number of MT frequencies the specific values (Hz). If there are no MT data, all the MT blocks can be omitted from the data file.
MT Receivers
This block lists the number of MT receivers and each receiver’s x,y,z (meters) position, rotation angles, electric dipole length, static shift solver flag, and optionally the MT receiver name (used for plotting purposes only).
Rotation Angles
Theta corresponds to the angle from the 2D modeling coordinate x to the receiver’s x channel. Alpha and Beta are dip angles. Alpha is the tilt angle of the x channel, positive down from horizontal. Beta is the angle of the receiver’s y channel from horizontal. See Receiver Geometry for more details.
For normal MT stations, the MT impedance tensor should be rotated so that the receiver x direction is along the 2D model strike so that the Theta angle can be set to zero in MARE2DEM. The Alpha angle should always be set to zero for MT stations.
Recommendation for seafloor MT
For seafloor MT stations that nominally have y component magnetic and electric dipoles parallel to the seafloor slope, the Beta angle should be set to the modeled seafloor topography slope. See Receiver Geometry.
Recommendation for land MT
For land MT stations in regions with significant topography, usually the electric dipole is parallel to the slope while the magnetometers are installed horizontally. To model this in MARE2DEM, you will need to create a hybrid MT station where each real station is defined by two modeled stations: one with zero tilt angles for the magnetic fields and the second with a non-zero Beta set to the modeled topography slope. See Receiver Geometry and MT Stations with Horizontal Magnetics and Tilted Electrics for more details.
Dipole length
The length setting only applies to electric dipoles. Generally MT receivers should have dipole length set to 0, unless you have are trying to model something highly atypical for normal MT applications. For more details, see Dipole length.
Static Shift Solver
The SolveStatic column for the MT receivers allows for a simple iterative estimate of MT static shifts during inversion of MT data. Options are:
0- no static shift solution
1- static shift solution for both TE and TM modes
2- static shift solution for only the TE mode
3- static shift solution for only the TM mode
This should be used sparingly and usually should be set to 0 unless you have good reason to suspect a static shift at a particular station. When enabled, MARE2DEM simply estimates the static shift for each mode as the frequency-averaged residual of the observed and modeled apparent resistivity. This requires that the input data be formatted as either apparent resistivity or its log10 equivalent. This approach to estimating the static shift works best when only a single station or a small subset of stations are suspected of having static shifts. The resulting static shift solutions are shown for each iteration in the Occam log file. Synthetic tests show that this method works well for estimating static shifts, however, those same tests show that for truly non-static shifted data, it can still give estimated shifts of up to 10-50%, so us this option only when necessary.
Data Block
The Data block lists the number of data and has a table with a line for each datum. Each line lists the data parameters, the datum and its standard error. The first four values are data parameters for each datum and the 5th and 6th columns are the data and standard errors.
Data Type (1st column)
The first column specifies the data type. The currently supported data types for CSEM and MT data are given in tables CSEM Data types and MT Data types Note that for each receiver, x,y,z components are relative to the local receiver coordinate frame defined by its given theta, alpha and beta angles.
Frequency Index (2nd column)
This index refers to either the CSEM or MT frequency for this datum, depending on the data type specified.
Transmitter Index (3rd column)
Receiver Index (4th column)
The receiver index refers to either an MT or CSEM receiver, again depending on the data type specified.
Recommendation for hybrid MT stations
For MT data the transmitter index column is ignored if it is equal to 0, otherwise the transmitter index is used to specify which receiver should be used for the magnetic fields of the MT response, and the receiver index specifies which receiver to use for the electric fields. In this way, hybrid MT stations can be modeled (i.e., magnetic fields from one receiver and electric fields from another receiver). This can also be used for modeling MT stations with horizontal magnetics and slope parallel electric fields, by defining two receivers at the same x,y,z location with one having tilt angles set to zero and the other with non-zero Beta angle.
Data and Uncertainty (5th & 6th columns)
The fifth and sixth columns are the data and standard errors. Standard errors should be given in the same absolute units as the data (i.e. this is absolute uncertainty not relative). See the Data Uncertainties section for the details.
Data Units
CSEM fields output from MARE2DEM are normalized to unit dipole moments so that they are independent of the source moment, and thus input data to be inverted should be correspondingly normalized by the source dipoles moment (\(length \times current\) for electric dipoles and \(area \times current\) for magnetic loops). All phase data use units of degrees. The table below shows the data units used in MARE2DEM.
Source Type
Data Type
Units
electric dipole
electric field (E)
V/Am\(^{2}\)
magnetic field (B)
T/Am
magnetic dipole
electric field (E)
V/Am\(^{3}\)
magnetic field (B)
T/Am\(^{2}\)
MT
apparent resistivity
ohm-m
impedance
ohm
tipper
unitless
electric field (E)
V/m
magnetic field (H)
A/m
TM mode MT data phase
MARE2DEM currently assumes that the TM mode (\(Z_{yx}\)) impedance phases have been moved from their nominal value of -135 degrees (for a halfspace) to the first quadrant by adding 180 degrees, so they are nominally 45 degrees and thus will plot in the same quadrant as the TE mode phases.
CSEM Data types
Code
Description
1
real Ex
2
imaginary Ex
3
real Ey
4
imaginary Ey
5
real Ez
6
imaginary Ez
11
real Bx
12
imaginary Bx
13
real By
14
imaginary By
15
real Bz
16
imaginary Bz
21
amplitude Ex
22
phase Ex
23
amplitude Ey
24
phase Ey
25
amplitude Ez
26
phase Ez
27
log10 amplitude Ex
28
log10 amplitude Ey
29
log10 amplitude Ez
31
amplitude Bx
32
phase Bx
33
amplitude By
34
phase By
35
amplitude Bz
36
phase Bz
37
log10 amplitude Bx
38
log10 amplitude By
39
log10 amplitude Bz
41
electric xy polarization ellipse max
42
electric xy polarization ellipse min
43
magnetic xy polarization ellipse max
44
magnetic xy polarization ellipse min
MT Data types
Code
Description
103
TE \(Z_{xy}\) apparent resistivity
104
TE \(Z_{xy}\) phase
105
TM \(Z_{yx}\) apparent resistivity
106
TM \(Z_{yx}\) phase
123
TE \(Z_{xy}\) log10 app. resist.
125
TM \(Z_{yx}\) log10 app. resist.
113
TE \(Z_{xy}\) real
114
TE \(Z_{xy}\) imaginary
115
TM \(Z_{yx}\) real
116
TM \(Z_{yx}\) imaginary
133
TE \(M_{zy}\) real tipper
134
TE \(M_{zy}\) imaginary tipper
135
TE \(M_{zy}\) amplitude tipper
136
TE \(M_{zy}\) phase tipper
151
TE mode real Ex
152
TE mode imaginary Ex
153
TM mode real Ey
154
TM mode imaginary Ey
155
TM mode real Ez
156
TM mode imaginary Ez
161
TM mode real Hx
162
TM mode imaginary Hx
163
TE mode real Hy
164
TE mode imaginary Hy
165
TE mode real Hz
166
TE mode imaginary Hz
MT data types 151–166 are useful for model studies of the raw MT field behavior; they are scaled relative to a unit magnitude downward propagating magnetic source field at the model top.
Response File
The response file is identical to the data file, except that the data
section has two more columns, one for the model response and another for
the weighted residual. The format line is EMResp_2.2 instead of
EMData_2.2. The responses files are output from MARE2DEM as
filename.1.resp, filename.2.resp, … for each inversion
iteration.